Additionally, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies have consistently demonstrated brain structural changes on IUGR –. The association between IUGR and short-, and long-term, – neurodevelopmental and cognitive dysfunctions has been extensively described. Reduction of placental blood flow results in chronic exposure to hypoxemia and undernutrition and this has consequences on the developing brain. Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) due to placental insufficiency affects 5–10% of all pregnancies and induces cognitive disorders in a substantial proportion of children. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.įunding: This work was supported by Fondo the Investigación Sanitaria (PI/060347) (Spain), Obra Social La Caixa (Barcelona, Spain) Rio Hortega grant from Carlos III Institute of Health (Spain) and Emili Letang fellowship by Hospital Clinic (Barcelona, Spain). Received: SeptemAccepted: JanuPublished: February 8, 2012Ĭopyright: © 2012 Eixarch et al. PLoS ONE 7(2):Įditor: Olivier Baud, Hôpital Robert Debré, France (2012) Neonatal Neurobehavior and Diffusion MRI Changes in Brain Reorganization Due to Intrauterine Growth Restriction in a Rabbit Model. Regional FA changes were correlated with poorer outcome in neurobehavioral tests.Ĭitation: Eixarch E, Batalle D, Illa M, Muñoz-Moreno E, Arbat-Plana A, Amat-Roldan I, et al. Voxel based analysis revealed fractional anisotropy (FA) differences in multiple brain regions of gray and white matter, including frontal, insular, occipital and temporal cortex, hippocampus, putamen, thalamus, claustrum, medial septal nucleus, anterior commissure, internal capsule, fimbria of hippocampus, medial lemniscus and olfactory tract. IUGR was associated with significantly poorer neurobehavioral performance in most domains. Global and regional (manual delineation and voxel based analysis) diffusion tensor imaging parameters were analyzed. Subsequently, brains were collected and fixed and MRI was performed using a high resolution acquisition scheme. At postnatal day +1, neonates were assessed by validated neurobehavioral tests including evaluation of tone, spontaneous locomotion, reflex motor activity, motor responses to olfactory stimuli, and coordination of suck and swallow. Cesarean section was performed at 30 days (term 31 days). Ten contralateral horn fetuses were used as controls. Haldipur.IUGR was induced in 10 New Zealand fetal rabbits by ligation of 40–50% of uteroplacental vessels in one horn at 25 days of gestation. Update: This article has been updated to reflect that the information was equally contributed by Dr. “We expect that this information will provide new insights into the underlying causes of human cerebellar neurodevelopmental disorders, including medulloblastoma, which we can leverage to provide better diagnostic information and perhaps eventual new therapies,” said Millen and Haldipur. As just an example of two cerebellum related disorders, the new research suggests that studies on these moving forward may not reveal the whole picture and may need to look elsewhere for answers. ![]() Dandy-Walker malformation affects the formation of the cerebellum and may result in problems with movement, coordination, intellect, mood, and other neurological functions. Medulloblastoma is a brain tumor that affects the cerebellum and is the most common type of malignant brain tumor found in children. “Our results indicate that we need to exercise caution when using animal models to study human brain development and disease.” Our data shows that we cannot truly model what we do not know,” explained Millen and Haldipur. While this is broadly true, the details are important. “We had previously developed our ideas based on mouse development thinking that mice approximated human development. According to Millen and Haldipur, the new work may specifically affect research on Dandy-walker malformation and cerebellar brain tumors (Medulloblastoma) and suggest that mice no longer serve as an accurate model for this research. ![]() Damage to the cerebellum, whether acquired at birth or obtained through a traumatic injury, can lead to slowed and uncoordinated movement and speech.
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